" To put it bluntly, there isn’t one economic theory that can single-handedly explain Singapore’s success; its economy combines extreme features of capitalism and socialism. All theories are partial; reality is complex. "
- Ha-Joon Chang

This statement by Ha-Joon Chang highlights that Singapore’s economic success cannot be attributed solely to any single economic theory. Instead, it suggests that the country has developed a unique blend of capitalist and socialist principles. This mixed approach allows for flexibility and adaptability in addressing various economic challenges.

Chang emphasizes that no single economic model can fully capture the complexities of real-world situations. By combining elements from both capitalism and socialism, Singapore has been able to create an environment conducive to rapid development and growth. This pragmatic approach underscores the importance of being open-minded about different theoretical frameworks and adapting them according to practical needs rather than adhering rigidly to any one ideology. It also implies that understanding economic phenomena requires a nuanced perspective that accounts for multiple factors.

Ha-Joon Chang is a South Korean economist known for his critical views on neoliberalism and free trade policies. He teaches at the University of Cambridge and has written extensively on topics such as development economics, international political economy, and industrial policy. His work often challenges conventional economic wisdom and advocates for more flexible and pragmatic approaches to economic development.