" Plants can’t very well defend themselves by their behavior, so they resort to chemical warfare, and plants are saturated with toxins and irritants to deter creatures like us who want to eat them. "
- Steven Pinker

In simple terms, plants lack the ability to protect themselves through movement or actions like animals might, so they rely on chemical defenses instead. These chemicals can be found throughout various parts of a plant and serve as natural deterrents against herbivores that would otherwise feed on them.

Exploring further, this quote highlights the intricate and often overlooked strategies that plants use for survival in their environments. By producing toxins and irritants, plants ensure that potential predators avoid consuming them, thereby increasing their chances of survival and reproduction. This defense mechanism reflects a sophisticated interplay between plant biology and ecology, showcasing how organisms adapt to challenges through chemical means rather than physical ones. The quote also invites us to consider the broader implications of such biological adaptations, hinting at the complex web of interactions within ecosystems.

Steven Pinker is an eminent cognitive psychologist known for his work on language acquisition and evolutionary psychology. His insights often bridge the gap between scientific research and accessible discourse, making him a respected voice in discussions about human nature and the natural world.